THE BROKEN HEART

Our reaction to fear, motivation, stress. or emotions is detected in the Amygdala region of the brain.  The Amygdala generates a discharge that ignites the Sympathetic Nervous System when we are stressed. The SNS electrical and hormonal signals  "Fight or Fight"  from the Dorsal Hypothalamus  to activate the Pituitary Gland. The Pituitary Gland sends the hormone ACTH to the Adrenal gland for it to release adrenaline & cortisol into the blood stream. 

Adrenaline and cortisol initiate a physical reaction in the body to increase speed and create a violent muscular strength.  The heart, kidney, and liver have B-adrenergic receptors that couple with adrenaline & cortisol to increase heart rate, decrease blood flow,  produce extra glucose and fat, and narrow our blood vessels. This provides a boost of energy, fuels the blood,  and reduces our appetitive and slows food digestion. 

Our muscles have  increased speed and strength but it can cause them to shake and tremble. Endorphins release in response to  pain to reduce the perception and improve mood.  The body also releases cytokines. Cytokines are inflammatory molecules that damage the hearts endothelium, the layer of tissue made of blood vessels that regulate the exchange between the bloodstream and the organ. B-adrenergic receptors and adrenaline are signaling the heart to beat faster. The Right Coronary Artery signals the Sino atrial (SA) node to initiate each heartbeat, but the fight or flight response has caused the blood to be flushed with glucose, lipids, platelets, adhesion molecules,  and it has to pass in narrowed blood vessels. Platelets respond to help induce the electrical signals by releasing substances to provoke an electrical response.  But the endothelium cells cannot produce enough Nitric Oxide and have released adhesion molecules.  The substances can now clump and adhere to the damaged artery walls in the RCA. The adhered material dies. 

The necrotic or dead substances is now called Plaque.  The blood vessel is weakened by the plaque and its inner core contains a heart bomb. It is separated from the flowing blood by smooth muscle and collagen. It is a matter of time before angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels, occurs in the location of the heart bomb. The sprouts rupture the plaque and tears the smooth muscle of the artery walls.  Oxygen is crucial for the SA node to regulate the hearts beat and if the RCA is deprived, angiogenesis targets the area to heal the wound, the same area as the flight or flight response, to release substances that provoke an electrical response. Angiogenesis forms new blood vessels, and the sprouting or growth ruptures the plaque and tears a hole in the smooth muscle of the RCA.  

The plaque's inner core is a heart bomb.  It contains thrombogenic material to trigger blood clot formation and repair the broken heart. When the clot becomes large enough to deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, a heart attack occurs. 

DEFINITION: DECEPTION AND AGENCY

Central Claims

Deception is concealed in rhetorical encounters and in social psychologies experimental conditions to be effective.[i] Deception arises in rhetorical interactions and psychological experiments moments within an interaction.[ii] In rhetorical interactions, one an agent becomes confused about the actions in a situation.[iii]This is the moment the manipulation is effective. Concealed deception is the most effective mode of manipulation.[iv] Manipulations are traditionally viewed as lies used to turn another into a passive object, so the manipulator can keep all the agency.[v]  

Subordinate Claims

Rivers’ and Derksen’s complicate deception and agency by using current themes in rhetorical theory.[vi]Rhetorical theorists believe it is essential to know the lies intention.[vii] Lies are in verbal and nonverbal behavior to manipulate the victim.[viii] Manipulation-through-deception is called priming.[ix] Priming is in rhetorical ecologies and in experimental conditions.[x] Priming can take agency away from participants.[xi]Concealed deception within the experimental conditions is effective because it is not resisted.[xii] The experimental study’s purpose is concealed so the subject’s actions are a natural response.[xiii] Concealed deception is an effective mode of rhetoric when it is natural and not artificial.[xiv] Deception can give back agency to participants in psychological experiments and in the rhetorical moment when an ambient perspective emerges.[xv]  Our interactions and participation in different atmospheric conditions produce our ecological perspective. Our behavioral changes to participate in our surroundings produce our ambient perspective. Participation in rhetorical ecologies or social psychologies experiments produces ambient agents.[xvi] The rhetorical effect emerged from this concept which attempts to control or discover the what else to shape the human condition.[xvii]  

Relationship to the Other Authors

Rivers’ and Derksen’s quote Aristotle’s advice that explained the orators who use a “foreign air” style of language to conceal deceptions will be more persuasive when it is presented naturally not artificially.[xviii]Professional language increases the chance that the deceptions will produce a natural response. This natural response will be effective in ambient atmospheres that replicate the rhetorical action or experimental conditions. The ambient agents’ response becomes natural not artificial from an act.  Aristotle argued in the Rhetoric that persuasion is most effective when the orator’s demonstration is an enthymeme.[xix] Manipulation is a lie, and an enthymeme is philosophical not a fact. The ethos of a person is important for trust otherwise the deception isn’t effective despite its concealment and the pathos won’t occur.  Poulakos argued that most rhetoric comes from humans experiencing an activity that is mentally and emotionally stable.[xx] Experiments in social psychology create atmospheres for participants to perform an activity to produce a mentally and emotionally stable human. 

ENDNOTES

[i] Rivers & Derksen 635

[ii] Rivers & Derksen 633

[iii] Rivers & Derksen 649

[iv] Rivers & Derksen 633

[v] Rivers & Derksen 633

[vi] Rivers & Derksen 633

[vii] Rivers & Derksen 641

[viii] Rivers & Derksen 641

[ix] Rivers & Derksen 633

[x] Rivers & Derksen 640

[xi] Rivers & Derksen 634 & 639

[xii] Rivers & Derksen 635 & 644

[xiii] Rivers & Derksen 641

[xiv] Rivers & Derksen 635

[xv] Rivers & Derksen 646

[xvi] Rivers & Derksen 634 & 639

[xvii] Rivers & Derksen 649

[xviii] Rivers & Derksen 635

[xix] Aristotle 2

[xx] Poulakos 35

REFERENCES

Aristotle (n.d.) On Rhetoric (Roberts, Trans.)  (Fourth Century, BC).

Poulakos J. (1983) Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 16(1)

pages 35-48. 

Rivers, N. A., & Derksen, M. (2015, November) Ecologies of Deception in Psychology and 

Rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 101(4), pages 633-654. 

https://research.ebsco.com/c/7oqvtd/viewer/pdf/nioeutqzlb